Post by Ismail AbdulAzeez on Nov 3, 2013 0:48:47 GMT 1
WHIDBEY ISLAND, Wash.—Sue Cobey sums up the local dating scene in a single word: brutal.
The entomologist is speaking of honeybees, bee mating being her specialty, and she knows the dauntingly steep odds drones, the males, face in fulfilling their urge to spawn.
"There can be something like 25,000 drones out there waiting for virgin queens to fly by,."
Her life's work has been to improve the success rate—and thereby the viability—of North America's fragile honeybee stock. She brings queens and drones together where romance has the best chance: under a microscope.
In a laboratory behind her husband's tool room, she knocks a queen out with a blast of carbon dioxide, then works the sedated patient into a plastic tube. She injects the queen with a syringe bearing germplasm, or sperm, that comes from donor drones raised from colonies Ms. Cobey has nurtured for many years.
Enlarge Image
Entomologist Sue Cobey with honeybees on Whidbey Island, Wash. Joel Millman/The Wall Street Journal
As the sedative wears off, the woozy queen returns to her hive—bearing millions of bee sperm.
It is the antithesis of how bees behave in the wild: an in-flight orgy involving drones from hundreds of hives chasing a single female. Queens mate just once in their lifetimes—with perhaps two dozen drones in flight—usually within a week of their births.
"It's pretty amazing," Ms. Cobey says. "It happens so fast."
Enlarge Image
Ms. Cobey makes sure queens she raises mate only with drones from good families—bees she herself has selected from a gene pool harvested in Europe.
A species from Slovenia, the Carniolan, provides one strain of bee beaus. Then there are the Caucasians, black bees from the mountains of the country of Georgia. Both types thrive in Washington state's cool climate.
She also raises Italians—bees known as good brooders—busy procreators that "brood up" colonies.
One morning recently, Ms. Cobey raced her pickup to a pasture north of Oak Harbor, Wash., where she keeps one of several closely monitored Carniolan colonies. The file cabinet-size hives buzzed with late-summer activity. At the foot of each box lay dozens of evicted drones—whose usefulness to the colony disappears as autumn arrives.
"Here's a beauty," said the scientist, deftly plucking a buzzing drone from the breeze and grasping its tiny thorax between her fingers. Instantly a long tube—the "endophallus"—shoots from its abdomen. On its tip sits the genetic material baby bees come from.
"He's like a horny teenager: all eyes and endophallus!" giggled Skye-Laurel Riggs, a local beekeeper who helps Ms. Cobey with her hives.
Ms. Riggs was here to make a withdrawal from Ms. Cobey's "bee bank"—a box the size of a briefcase stuffed with queen bees she keeps behind the cab of her truck. Inside, 18 wire-mesh chambers hold queens and their female attendants. Each queen has a colored nametag about the size of a pin head and has some crushed candy to snack on.
Ms. Cobey keeps a film archive of her bees in action. "I'm the Queen of Bee Porn," she says with a laugh.
It isn't entirely a joke. On Valentine's Day this year, Professor Cobey faced eager beekeepers drawn to her program entitled "The Benefits of Being Promiscuous." It was her third visit in as many years before The Skagit Valley Beekeepers Association, held at a farm supply warehouse in Burlington, Wash.
"People came from hundreds of miles to see Sue," recalled Bill Marcus, a beekeeper and the president of the group. "She's a very special lady."
What they got was plenty of bee activity. Besides close-up photographs of drones inseminating a queen, the audience got shots of something few had ever seen: the V-shaped comet of drones chasing a virgin queen across the sky.
They also got plenty of breeding tips, and updates on new bee strains that may strengthen the U.S. honeybee gene pool.
U.S. bees are in trouble, scientists agree, because of the dwindling diversity of breeding queens. Ms. Cobey lists among the factors: environmental degradation, parasites, poor nutrition and pesticides. Millions of bees born each year descend from a relative handful of queens, by some estimates as few as 500 breeding mothers. Lack of diversity leads to reduced fitness, Ms. Cobey says.
Bees are crucial in pollination for U.S. agribusiness. Practically all of North America's fruits, nuts and vegetables depend on commercial bee pollination services at the start of their production cycles. "Otherwise we'd be eating only grains," the scientist said.
Yet introducing new stock has lagged because U.S. law restricts importation of live insects. Ms. Cobey's response to the live-bug ban was to seek imported insect semen instead. After decades battling the U.S. Department of Agriculture, she and some colleagues at Washington State University succeeded in 2008 in obtaining from Aphis, the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, permission to import from Europe.
Five years later, the university is ready to take the next step.
"Technically, we call it our 'honeybee germplasm repository,' " says Steve Sheppard, chair of WSU's Department of Entomology. "But you could say we've chartered the world's first bee sperm bank."
About the size of a top-loading washing machine, the bank will contain chambers of liquid nitrogen, inside of which are capillary tubes brimming with bees' deposits. It takes about 20 bees to fill each tube, Prof. Sheppard says.
Coaxing insects into donating semen is the professors' job. It happens at night after a long day of collecting live drones. Once the germplasm is in capillary tubes it can keep for two weeks before freezing.
"It's pretty labor intensive," says Mr. Sheppard. "We'll do hundreds at a sitting."
Undergraduates typically ask if bees need arousal, say, from females. No, the bee professors say.
"No girls, no 'Playbee' Magazine. All they need is a little gentle pressure on the abdomen," Mr. Sheppard says.
Source: online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323808204579083073847405920
The entomologist is speaking of honeybees, bee mating being her specialty, and she knows the dauntingly steep odds drones, the males, face in fulfilling their urge to spawn.
"There can be something like 25,000 drones out there waiting for virgin queens to fly by,."
Her life's work has been to improve the success rate—and thereby the viability—of North America's fragile honeybee stock. She brings queens and drones together where romance has the best chance: under a microscope.
In a laboratory behind her husband's tool room, she knocks a queen out with a blast of carbon dioxide, then works the sedated patient into a plastic tube. She injects the queen with a syringe bearing germplasm, or sperm, that comes from donor drones raised from colonies Ms. Cobey has nurtured for many years.
Enlarge Image
Entomologist Sue Cobey with honeybees on Whidbey Island, Wash. Joel Millman/The Wall Street Journal
As the sedative wears off, the woozy queen returns to her hive—bearing millions of bee sperm.
It is the antithesis of how bees behave in the wild: an in-flight orgy involving drones from hundreds of hives chasing a single female. Queens mate just once in their lifetimes—with perhaps two dozen drones in flight—usually within a week of their births.
"It's pretty amazing," Ms. Cobey says. "It happens so fast."
Enlarge Image
Ms. Cobey makes sure queens she raises mate only with drones from good families—bees she herself has selected from a gene pool harvested in Europe.
A species from Slovenia, the Carniolan, provides one strain of bee beaus. Then there are the Caucasians, black bees from the mountains of the country of Georgia. Both types thrive in Washington state's cool climate.
She also raises Italians—bees known as good brooders—busy procreators that "brood up" colonies.
One morning recently, Ms. Cobey raced her pickup to a pasture north of Oak Harbor, Wash., where she keeps one of several closely monitored Carniolan colonies. The file cabinet-size hives buzzed with late-summer activity. At the foot of each box lay dozens of evicted drones—whose usefulness to the colony disappears as autumn arrives.
"Here's a beauty," said the scientist, deftly plucking a buzzing drone from the breeze and grasping its tiny thorax between her fingers. Instantly a long tube—the "endophallus"—shoots from its abdomen. On its tip sits the genetic material baby bees come from.
"He's like a horny teenager: all eyes and endophallus!" giggled Skye-Laurel Riggs, a local beekeeper who helps Ms. Cobey with her hives.
Ms. Riggs was here to make a withdrawal from Ms. Cobey's "bee bank"—a box the size of a briefcase stuffed with queen bees she keeps behind the cab of her truck. Inside, 18 wire-mesh chambers hold queens and their female attendants. Each queen has a colored nametag about the size of a pin head and has some crushed candy to snack on.
Ms. Cobey keeps a film archive of her bees in action. "I'm the Queen of Bee Porn," she says with a laugh.
It isn't entirely a joke. On Valentine's Day this year, Professor Cobey faced eager beekeepers drawn to her program entitled "The Benefits of Being Promiscuous." It was her third visit in as many years before The Skagit Valley Beekeepers Association, held at a farm supply warehouse in Burlington, Wash.
"People came from hundreds of miles to see Sue," recalled Bill Marcus, a beekeeper and the president of the group. "She's a very special lady."
What they got was plenty of bee activity. Besides close-up photographs of drones inseminating a queen, the audience got shots of something few had ever seen: the V-shaped comet of drones chasing a virgin queen across the sky.
They also got plenty of breeding tips, and updates on new bee strains that may strengthen the U.S. honeybee gene pool.
U.S. bees are in trouble, scientists agree, because of the dwindling diversity of breeding queens. Ms. Cobey lists among the factors: environmental degradation, parasites, poor nutrition and pesticides. Millions of bees born each year descend from a relative handful of queens, by some estimates as few as 500 breeding mothers. Lack of diversity leads to reduced fitness, Ms. Cobey says.
Bees are crucial in pollination for U.S. agribusiness. Practically all of North America's fruits, nuts and vegetables depend on commercial bee pollination services at the start of their production cycles. "Otherwise we'd be eating only grains," the scientist said.
Yet introducing new stock has lagged because U.S. law restricts importation of live insects. Ms. Cobey's response to the live-bug ban was to seek imported insect semen instead. After decades battling the U.S. Department of Agriculture, she and some colleagues at Washington State University succeeded in 2008 in obtaining from Aphis, the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, permission to import from Europe.
Five years later, the university is ready to take the next step.
"Technically, we call it our 'honeybee germplasm repository,' " says Steve Sheppard, chair of WSU's Department of Entomology. "But you could say we've chartered the world's first bee sperm bank."
About the size of a top-loading washing machine, the bank will contain chambers of liquid nitrogen, inside of which are capillary tubes brimming with bees' deposits. It takes about 20 bees to fill each tube, Prof. Sheppard says.
Coaxing insects into donating semen is the professors' job. It happens at night after a long day of collecting live drones. Once the germplasm is in capillary tubes it can keep for two weeks before freezing.
"It's pretty labor intensive," says Mr. Sheppard. "We'll do hundreds at a sitting."
Undergraduates typically ask if bees need arousal, say, from females. No, the bee professors say.
"No girls, no 'Playbee' Magazine. All they need is a little gentle pressure on the abdomen," Mr. Sheppard says.
Source: online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323808204579083073847405920
